international peer-reviewed journal published by Scientific Events Gate - Malaysia, issued biannually in January and July of each year, under the supervision of a group of scholars, researchers, and specialists from all over the world in the fields of humanities and social sciences.
The Commitment Feature within the Rules of Civil Law
A legal rule can be defined as a general, abstract social rule aimed at regulating social relations, and it is associated with a material sanction imposed on those who violate its provisions. From this definition, it becomes clear that the legal rule possesses several characteristics that distinguish it from other social rules. The purpose of this brief research is not to examine all the characteristics of the legal rule, but rather to focus on its most important characteristic: its binding nature, represented by the material sanction imposed on those who violate its provisions. Since the sanction differs depending on the nature of the legal rule, it may sometimes be a penalty and other times compensation. We will address the sanction resulting from the violation of civil law rules, with compensation being one of the most prominent forms of such sanctions. However, compensation is not the only form of sanction in civil law. The question arises: Is the legal sanction an inherent characteristic of the legal rule such that it cannot be considered a legal rule without it? Or do some rules in civil law lack a sanction but still retain their status as legal rules? This is what we aim to answer in the course of this research .
المستخلص : يمكن تعريف القاعدة القانونية بأنها قاعدة سلوك اجتماعية عامة مجردة هدفها تنظيم الروابط الاجتماعية, وهي مقترنة بجزاء مادي يفرض على من يخالف احكامها. ويتبين من هذا التعريف ان القاعدة القانونية تتميز بالعديد بالصفات التي تميزها عن غيرها من القواعد الاجتماعية, وليس هدفنا في هذا البحث الموجز تتبع كل صفات القاعدة القانونية, وانما نأحذ من تلك القاعدة أهم صفة فيها, الا وهي صفة الالزام المتمثل بالجزاء المادي على من يخالف احكامها, ولما كان الجزاء يختلف بحسب اختلاف طبيعة القاعدة القانوية, فتارة يكون عقوبة وتارة يكون تعويضا, فإننا سنتناول الجزاء الذي يكون نتيجة مخالفة قواعد القانون المدني والذي يعد التعويض ابرز صور الجزاء فيه, ومع ذلك فان التعويض ليس هو الصورة الوحيدة للجزاء في القانون المدني. لكن هل الجزاء القانوني صفة جوهرية في القاعدة القانونية بحيث لا يمكن ان تنال تلك الصفة بدون الجزاء, ام توجد بعض القواعد في القانون المدني تخلو من الجزاء دون ان تفقد صفة القاعدة القانونية ؟ هذا ما سنحاول الاجابة عنه في ثنايا البحث .
Abstract : A legal rule can be defined as a general, abstract social rule aimed at regulating social relations, and it is associated with a material sanction imposed on those who violate its provisions. From this definition, it becomes clear that the legal rule possesses several characteristics that distinguish it from other social rules. The purpose of this brief research is not to examine all the characteristics of the legal rule, but rather to focus on its most important characteristic: its binding nature, represented by the material sanction imposed on those who violate its provisions. Since the sanction differs depending on the nature of the legal rule, it may sometimes be a penalty and other times compensation. We will address the sanction resulting from the violation of civil law rules, with compensation being one of the most prominent forms of such sanctions. However, compensation is not the only form of sanction in civil law. The question arises: Is the legal sanction an inherent characteristic of the legal rule such that it cannot be considered a legal rule without it? Or do some rules in civil law lack a sanction but still retain their status as legal rules? This is what we aim to answer in the course of this research .
د. عباس فاضل عباس - التخصص العام القانون الخاص - التخصص الدقيق القانون المدني
د. زينب جاسم محمد - التخصص العام القانون الخاص - التخصص الدقيق القانون المدني
Assist. Prof. Dr. Zainab Jassem Mohammed
Copyright (c) 2025 ijhss https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Rationale Behind the Neglect of the Governing Particle in Arabic Syntax
This research aims to shed light on the study of a linguistic phenomenon contained in the books of grammarians of advanced and late, in separate sections of their grammatical writings, which is to reach the reason for neglecting the working letters in Arabic grammar, and study them in a curriculum based on their semantic dimension and the extent to which it is affected by the meaning, in addition to studying them grammatically, and explaining the reasons for neglecting them according to what was developed by scholars of the origins of Arabic grammar and choosing what suits them without fanaticism. The researcher has shown the reason for neglecting some working letters In Arabic grammar, and the controls of its implementation. He began with a preface in which he mentioned the concept of the vowel in language and grammar, and then examined the definition of the word neglect in language and terminology, and the definition of the word cancellation that synonymous with it in grammatical use. The researcher referred to some working letters, but their work has been neglected because of the presence of an accident or a bug that canceled its implementation, with a statement of that bug and the opinions of grammarians in the impact of its existence, and the preponderance of some of them over the other if they are multiple in grammatical issues. The research was limited to the reasons for neglecting the working letters already present tense, and the reasons for neglecting the transcribed letters, the reasons for neglecting some prepositions. He then concluded with the results and recommendations mentioned in the conclusion of the research.
Instructional skills of Resource Room Teachers
The current study aimed to highlight some of the Instructional skills of resource room teachers in Integration Schools, which is one of the most important components of the teaching process, as we identified in this study what needs to be known about the Instructional skills that resource room teachers rely on for the success of the educational process, in addition to defining the Instructional skills, its characteristics and importance, and its basic dimensions, from planning and its multiple sub-skills such as preparing educational plans, education and preparation, implementation skill, and its sub-skills such as: Preparation, selection of questions, use of teaching aids, closing skill, evaluation skill and its sub-skills, including choosing homework, preparing worksheets and asking questions. We used the descriptive and analytical approach by analyzing educational documents and literature. In this study, we followed the analysis of the content of the theoretical side in the research of previous relevant studies, through which the results showed that there is agreement in the studies on some skills for teachers with resource rooms, and the labels differed despite the agreement in the names, content and content.
The skill, Instructional skills, Resource room teacher
The effect of the discussion spectrum strategy on the acquisition of grammatical concepts among first-year middle school students
This study seeks to understand the impact of discussion spectrum policies on the understanding of grammar basics among first-year middle school female students. The study community was represented in Baghdad, and the study chose the study models in a selected group of first-year preparatory school students from Al-Zuhour Secondary School, affiliated with the Second Karkh Education Directorate for the year (2024-2025 AD). The research sample amounted to (96) students in two groups: the subject of the experiment, numbering (48) students who studied according to the discussion spectrum strategy, and a control group, numbering (48) students who were taught using the usual method. The researcher balanced the sample of the study model in the indicators: (the time period in months, the parents’ cognitive achievement, the grades of the Arabic language in the past year, and the language ability test). (40) teaching objectives were formulated with behavioral dimensions covering the three levels of acquisition, represented by defining, distinguishing, and applying the concept, and presenting them to a committee of critics in the Arabic language and its teaching methods, evaluation and analysis to verify their efficiency and coverage of the content of the academic content. The measurement tool consisted of (25) multiple-choice paragraphs designed to understand Grammar Basics, the test has proven its validity, reliability and objectivity, and was administered to the study group at the conclusion of the experiment. The researcher used appropriate statistical tools for the research such as the (t-test) for two separate groups, and the square effect (Chi-square). The study outcomes showed that the experimental female students who learned the grammar by applying the discussion spectrum policies outperformed the members of the control sample of female students who studied the same course using the old method in understanding the grammar rules. The study urged the employment of the discussion spectrum model due to its proven effectiveness in teaching Arabic grammar to first-year preparatory school female students. The research suggested conducting a similar study in different curricula.
Spectrum of Discussion، Concept Acquisition، Grammatical Concepts.
يهدف البحث الى معرفة اثر استراتيجيات التعلم النشط ومنها" طيف المناقشة" في اكتساب المفاهيم النحوية لدى طالبات الصف الاول المتوسط
Satire between Negation and Positivity in Al-Hutay'ah: A Critical Study
This article explores and analyzes the persona of the poet Al-Hutay’ah, one of the most prominent poets of the Jahili and early Islamic periods, with a focus on the theme of satire in his poetry. Al-Hutay’ah was known for his expansive style and sharp sarcasm, making him a subject of great interest among critics who sought to understand the psychological, social, ethical, and moral motivations behind his satirical verse. The study highlights how satire served as an outlet for his feelings of oppression, deprivation, and social inferiority, resulting from a life of poverty and displacement. It concludes that Al-Hutay’ah’s satire was not merely verbal abuse, but rather a unique artistic blend of ridicule and biting criticism, which gave his poetry a distinct character that continues to engage readers despite the harshness of its language. Through this critical approach, the article demonstrates how Al-Hutay’ah enriched Arabic poetry with a distinctive form of satire that reflected his internal struggles and the broader social conditions of his time.
Al-Hutay'ah, criticism, causes, satire, poetry
Applying high-performance education in teaching interpretation to middle school female students
The growing awareness of the wide disparities among teachers has led to an ongoing dialogue among educators, researchers, and educational policymakers about how to improve teaching practices. This study presents a framework for effective teaching using high-performance teaching and evidence-based strategies. It is applied to the teaching of Tafsir (Islamic interpretation) to third-grade female students. The aim is to leverage successful teaching strategies in an engaging and practical manner, with clear steps. An experimental approach was used on two equal groups of students: the control group and the experimental group, which were taught using a highly productive structured teaching method. The effect size between the two groups was calculated. It is worth noting that the proposed teaching framework aims to achieve better learning outcomes with minimal time and effort, and focuses on achieving the highest levels of efficiency and mastery in the learning process.
Education strategy, education efficiency, teaching method, curriculum size
Means of acquiring language skills and improving educational opportunities for children with autism
This research addresses the topic of language acquisition and improving educational opportunities for children with autism, highlighting the importance of using appropriate educational methods to support their abilities, while taking into account their unique developmental and social needs. The research defines autism and its most prominent features as a developmental disorder that affects social and linguistic communication and is accompanied by stereotypical behavior and isolation. It also highlights the importance of educational methods such as picture learning, interactive cards, sports activities, music sessions, electronic games, and educational robots, which help develop communication, pronunciation, and attention skills in children with autism. The research also discusses the characteristics of autism disorders in the areas of communication, social interaction, interests, and activities, and highlights the importance of using therapeutic programs such as behavior modification, psychotherapy, drug therapy, and structured educational programs such as TEACH and integration programs. The research emphasizes the importance of early intervention, educating parents on ways to interact positively with their children, and designing activities and programs tailored to each child's abilities. This contributes to improving learning opportunities and developing language and social skills in children with autism.
Autism, Teaching Aids, Language Skills, Behavioral Therapy, Social Communication.
Research in Islamic Sciences: Methodology and Controls
This scientific paper reviews the research methodology in the Sharia sciences and its controls as the approved scientific method for studying the Sharia rulings and deriving them according to precise methodological foundations. Research in this field is a basic necessity for understanding the Sharia texts, interpreting them and applying them in contemporary reality, in addition to contributing to the renewal of Islamic jurisprudence in a manner consistent with contemporary human developments. Research in the Sharia sciences also represents an essential tool for understanding religion and applying it, while emphasizing adherence to the Sharia controls in scientific research to ensure reaching accurate and objective results.
Methodology - Scientific Research - Sharia Sciences - Controls
Digital Media and Its Role in Enhancing the Use of the Arabic Language: A Theoretical Analysis of Linguistic Transformations in the Digital Space
This study aims to analyze the role of digital media in promoting the use of the Arabic language, with a focus on the linguistic transformations taking place in the digital environment. It explores the impact of modern media on Arabic vocabulary and structures, highlighting how technology has introduced new expressions that have become part of everyday discourse. The study also addresses challenges such as the limited availability of Arabic digital content and the growing influence of colloquial language and Latin script. Using a theoretical and analytical approach, the research investigates the relationship between digital media and Arabic, drawing on relevant media and technology theories. It also explores the potential of artificial intelligence to support Arabic content and discusses the technical, social, and legal barriers hindering its spread. The study presents examples of digital initiatives contributing to the promotion of Arabic, such as Alwaraq and Khan Academy. It concludes that while digital media offer valuable opportunities to support the Arabic language, overcoming current challenges requires comprehensive strategies to enhance Arabic content, expand its integration into AI technologies, and support media production that reinforces cultural identity.
The role of advanced technology in enhancing cybersecurity strategies in the Royal Oman Police.
This scientific paper examines the role of advanced technology in enhancing the Royal Oman Police's cybersecurity strategies, focusing on analyzing the challenges facing the Sultanate in light of the rapid changes in the nature of cyber threats. The paper highlights the importance of using technologies such as artificial intelligence, big data analytics, advanced encryption, and cloud systems to enhance the Royal Oman Police's capabilities to respond to cyberattacks. The paper also discusses the most prominent challenges associated with cybersecurity, including the shortage of qualified human resources and the difficulty of keeping pace with rapid changes in cyberattack methods. Furthermore, the study reviews the importance of regional and international cooperation in combating transnational cybercrimes and the vital role of updating cyber legislation to enhance digital protection. The study concluded that sustainable investment in advanced technology, developing specialized training programs, and enhancing community awareness are among the most important strategies the Royal Oman Police can adopt to enhance cybersecurity. The paper also recommends the establishment of specialized cybersecurity centers and increased international cooperation to exchange security knowledge and expertise.
Digital Media and Artificial Intelligence: A Theoretical Approach to Their Role in Teaching Arabic
In light of the information revolution, globalization, and the emergence of virtual society, social media, powered by artificial intelligence, has become a pivotal role in shaping the cultural and national identities of peoples through their languages. Communication is no longer limited to the exchange of information; it now relies on a cognitive awareness of the importance of language. The Arabic language has benefited from AI technologies in various fields, most notably automated language processing or "linguistic engineering," which includes machine translation, text analysis, blogging, and search engines, and requires a combination of linguistic and computational proficiency. These applications have facilitated the use of Arabic in various sectors, such as banking and communications, making it available anytime, anywhere, using computers or smart applications, enhancing the presence of the Arabic language in the digital space.
Digital Media Artificial Intelligence Arabic Language
Role of Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) in Supporting Higher Education and Scientific Research
supporting higher education and scientific research. The study adopted the descriptive-analytical approach to examine the issue and the importance of scientific research in outer space, based on the provisions of treaties and agreements related to outer space and similar areas. The study identified several key findings, most notably that scientific research in outer space is governed by the principle of peaceful use, requiring that such activities serve peaceful objectives and benefit all of humanity. Additionally, the research offered a series of recommendations, emphasizing the importance of ensuring the sustainability of space activities to guarantee shared benefits for all nations.
Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO), higher education and scientific research, international cooperation, outer space.
Classification of basketball referees according to some physical and physiological variables in Iraq
This research aims to classify basketball referees in Iraq based on their refereeing positions, focusing on some anthropometric measurements and physiological variables that influence their performance. The study was conducted on a group of referees representing different levels of refereeing, with data collected through questionnaires and accurate measurements. The anthropometric measurements analyzed included height, weight, and body mass index, while the physiological variables included heart rate, aerobic capacity, and flexibility. The researchers used advanced statistical methods to analyze the data, allowing them to classify referees according to their refereeing positions. The results revealed significant differences in anthropometric measurements and physiological variables between referees in different positions. For example, referees in higher positions were found to have better physical abilities, reflecting the importance of these factors in improving refereeing performance. The results also showed that referees with high physical fitness and good health indicators are better able to make quick and accurate decisions during matches. The study recommended the need to focus on training referees to improve their physical fitness and provide tailored training programs focused on developing physical and physiological skills. It also emphasized the importance of understanding the impact of body measurements on refereeing performance, which could contribute to improving the level of basketball refereeing in Iraq. This study is an important step towards enhancing the level of basketball refereeing and reinforces the importance of scientific research in developing sports in general. It also opens new horizons for future studies aimed at improving sports performance by focusing on physical and physiological aspects.
Basketball, refereeing positions, body measurements, physiological variables, Iraq, refereeing performance, referee training
The Role of Dialogue Management in Enhancing the Effectiveness of Dawa Discourse in English
This study examined the importance of dialogue management in enhancing the effectiveness of preaching in the English language. It aimed to uncover the role of dialogue management in improving preaching through dialogue methods that promote wisdom and gentleness, and to clarify the impact of implementing good dialogue on the response of invitees. The research problem was to determine the relationship between dialogue management and its impact on preaching, especially in light of the increasing need for effective dialogues to adequately explain the message of Islam. The study relied on an analysis of dialogue management methods in the Holy Quran and the Sunnah, focusing on the Prophet's approach to dialogue, which is characterized by gentleness and kindness. The results showed that managing dialogue in a balanced and effective manner is one of the most important preaching methods that achieves a positive impact on invitees, as it contributes to enhancing their understanding and comprehension of the message of Islam. Furthermore, implementing the principles of good dialogue, such as commitment to gentleness and avoiding fanaticism, positively reflects on the response of invitees. The study concluded that dialogue management is a powerful tool for enhancing the effectiveness of advocacy discourse, and recommended training preachers in dialogue skills and methods, with an emphasis on using a methodology derived from Islamic values.
Dialogue Management, Dawa Discourse, Islamic Dawa, Effective Dialogue, English Language
جاء البحث كمحاولة علمية للإجابة عن سؤال: ما العلاقة بين إدارة الحوار وتعزيز الخطاب الدعوى
إدارة الحوار، الخطاب الدعوي، الدعوة الإسلامية، الحوار الفعّال، اللغة الإنجليزية
Study of the Obstacles to Residential Solid Waste Management in Al-Qubba City, Libya
This study aimed to conduct a comprehensive assessment of the existing solid waste management services in the city of El-Qobba. Additionally, the study also had specific objectives, such as identifying the current practices of solid waste management programs and determining the general perception of the state of solid waste management. The researcher used both primary and secondary sources. Primary data was collected through questionnaires, while secondary data was extracted from various published and unpublished materials. This study was analyzed using quantitative techniques. The validity and reliability of the research instrument were verified, and data were collected from 260 respondents using a random sampling method, selected from El-Qobba city. The data were statistically analyzed using SPSS v.23 and SmartPLS v.3.0. It was found that the city's solid waste management authorities lack expertise and effective practices in waste collection, transportation, and disposal, and it is clear that the waste collection process throughout the city is not well implemented. The technical, financial, and environmental variables were positive and significant, supporting the development of the study model. One such recommendation is that the problems of solid waste accumulation can be solved if the future government establishes effective management. Furthermore, financial support is the backbone of solving this problem by intervening with the relevant authorities to establish environmental monitoring for solid waste management in the study area.
Solid Waste, Practices, Constraints, Al-Qubbah, Libya
Aesthetic Dimension in the Architectural Perspective of Saudi Arabia's Most Iconic Landmarks and the Potential of Leading Visual Arts Using Contemporary Digitalization and the Possibility of Creating Innovative Visual Works
Saudi Arabia abounds with diverse architectural styles from ancient times to the present day. The Kingdom is witnessing significant architectural evolution, evident in its old heritage buildings, modern structures, and continuous progress under VISION2030. Saudi architectural style reflects the ideologies of the society in past centuries and its impact on contemporary architectural designs. The architectural perspective highlights the aesthetic qualities of a building, both inside and out. The Researcher believes that studying this aesthetic dimension will enhance the creation of innovative visual arts that capture these qualities in fresh ways. The central research question explores how to leverage the aesthetic perspective of iconic landmarks across various regions of Saudi Arabia. This Study aims to enrich the compositional structure of the artwork by addressing various segments and exploring multiple aesthetic perspectives in Saudi Arabian architecture, both ancient and modern. The Study employs both descriptive-analytical and experimental approach. The experimental approach is based on studying selection of visual projections of Saudi Arabia's most iconic architectural landmarks from various angles and perspectives. The experimental approach focuses on employing contemporary digitization in visual art, producing artworks by leveraging artificial intelligence to manipulate and edit images. These manipulated images are subsequently rendered onto a canvas using traditional hand-drawing methods.
Aesthetic - Architectural Dimensions - Fine Photography- Contemporary Digitization
A proposed model for the application of artificial intelligence in academic and administrative work in academic departments at Saudi universities.
Academic departments have received significant attention from universities seeking to improve the quality of their services and align them with their surrounding environment. This interest in artificial intelligence (AI) and its applications in academic departments stems from the accelerating complexity of the environment surrounding universities and the increasing demand for higher education. This necessitates applications that facilitate academic and administrative processes within departments to achieve university visions. Accordingly, the current study aims to explore the areas of use of AI applications in the experiences of Arab and international universities, and then present a proposed model for AI applications in the academic and administrative work of academic departments in Saudi universities.
Artificial Intelligence, Saudi Universities, Academic Departments.
The role of systematic functional linguistics in establishing evaluation theory and its application in computing sentiment and opinion analysis
This research paper aims to shed light on the foundations of Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL), which stems from the functional linguistic theory developed by linguist Michael Halliday. Halliday viewed language as a vital and powerful tool that serves various social purposes. Language, according to his approach, can be analyzed through its social and communicative functions across three main levels: the experiential, the textual, and the interpersonal functions. Each of these serves as a key to understanding how language is employed to construct multiple meanings. This paper further explores the role of Systemic Functional Linguistics, especially through the interpersonal function, in the emergence of a new theory that expands the scope of the interpersonal function within SFL. Developed by Jim Martin and Peter White, this theory, known as Appraisal Theory, aims to understand and delineate how language conveys emotional values and judgments. Appraisal Theory is based on three primary systems: Affect, which focuses on how individuals express their feelings and attitudes; Appreciation, which is dedicated to evaluating objects and events; and Judgment, which centers on assessing people’s behaviors. The paper also highlights the significant impact of Appraisal Theory across various fields of knowledge, particularly in the field of Natural Language Processing (NLP), which has leveraged the Affect system to develop computational models capable of analyzing and automatically evaluating opinions and sentiments. Additionally, it points to some Arabic-language research efforts that have relied on Appraisal Theory to enhance the role of Arabic in expressing deep opinions and sentiments through computational systems that assist in evaluating such opinions and sentiments written in Arabic
Systemic Functional Linguistics, Interpersonal Function, Appraisal Theory, Affect System, Computational Systems
The Economic Life Before, During, and After the Prophetic Mission
Studying the economic progress throughout history is one of the important branches of economic studies, as it provides a rich collection of experiences and experiments that nations have gone through in how they confronted economic problems. Studying the economic history of Muslims from the era of the Prophetic mission to the modern era contributes to enhancing our understanding of the Islamic economic system, which Muslims sought to apply in the face of emerging challenges. The first three centuries after the Prophetic mission were the most applied to Islamic economic principles. This study aims to review economic life in different periods of Islamic history, starting with the lives of some prophets (Moses, Abraham, Joseph, peace be upon them), then the economic life of the Prophet Muhammad, may God bless him and grant him peace, and finally the economic life of the Rightly Guided Caliphs. The study concluded that Islam laid the first foundations of Islamic civilization, which was able to build an economic system based on the principles of truth and justice. The study also showed that the Islamic religion was and will remain a source of economic strength and survival throughout the ages.
Islam, economy, before the Prophetic mission, after the Prophetic mission, life of the Holy Prophet.
اقتصاد اسلامي، تمويل إسلامي، الحياة الاقتصادية عبر العصور
Benefits and the Challenges of Integrating Artificial Intelligence (AI) in EFL Education at Libyan Universities from the Instructors’ Perspective
The transformative potential of Artificial Intelligence (AI) applications in higher education has prompted extensive discussions regarding the benefits and challenges of incorporating AI into English as a Foreign Language (EFL) classroom. This study explores eight EFL instructors' perceptions from three Libyan universities: the University of Tripoli, the University of Elmergib, and Omar Al-Mukhtar University, concerning the integration of AI in their teaching. The participants are purposefully selected based on their experience with AI in their teaching methodologies. A qualitative approach was adopted for this research, utilizing an online open-ended questionnaire to gather in-depth insights into the instructors' views on the benefits and challenges of using AI in EFL teaching. The findings showed that the participants had positive attitudes toward integrating AI into the EFL classroom. The results revealed that AI applications significantly reduce instructors’ workloads, save time, increase student motivation, assist in content generation, enhance language proficiency, and expand knowledge. The study also identified major barriers and challenges, including the potential for overdependence on AI for language teaching, accessibility issues, concerns about content quality, and inadequate teacher training. The study recommends that educators develop a critical awareness of both the benefits and drawbacks of AI in EFL education.
AI Applications, benefits, challenges, EFL setting, Higher education.
Therefore, this study shed light on the advantages and challenges of integrating AI in the EFL setting from Libyan EFL instructors’ perceptions.
An Assistant Professor at Faculty of Education –Janzour University of Tripoli Tripoli, Libya
The Pragmatic Values ​​of Imam Hassan's Letters to Muawiyah bin Abi Sufyan
Pragmatic values in the letters of Imam Hassan, peace be upon him, to Muawiyah bin Abi Sufyan Pragmatics is a new term that has been expanded into a wide area of modern linguistic study areas and has been extended to relate to other studies related to logic, semiotics, and linguistics. Pragmatics is summarized in the study of language use that does not study the linguistic structure itself, and pragmatics is a new science of human communication that studies linguistic phenomena in the field of use. Through this research, we would like to highlight some pragmatic values in a literary type of the art of sending that has special features, which is the Diwaniya letters or royal letters, specifically in the letters of the then Imam, peace be upon him, to Muawiyah bin Abi Sufyan. The importance of this research lies in identifying the relationship between discourse analysis and pragmatics, learning about the topics of pragmatic analysis among some prominent scholars in this field, and the extent to which the blog “The Diwaniyah Messages of Imam Hassan, peace be upon him,” responds to pragmatic analysis. This topic was chosen for several reasons, including the tendency towards linguistic studies, especially pragmatics and attachment. With the legacy left by the People of the House, peace be upon them, the study was divided into two parts, a theoretical section and an applied section. The theoretical section included the title of pragmatic analysis topics, in which I addressed the definition of pragmatics and discourse. Then I detailed the pragmatic analysis topics that will be used in analyzing the blog and the relationship between pragmatics and discourse analysis. As for the section The application carried the title of a pragmatic analysis of the Diwaniyah letters of Imam Hassan, peace be upon him, adopting the following pragmatic procedures: the context of verbal acts, verbal, indicative, intentional, and argumentative, and it began with an introduction in which I dealt with the concept of the art of sending, the types of messages, and the end. At the conclusion of the research, we tried to reveal some of the pragmatic values in the letters of Imam Hassan. Peace be upon him, to Muawiyah bin Abi Sufyan. It is difficult to limit the topics of pragmatic analysis, as they differ from one researcher to another, and most often these researchers meet in context, verbal and verbal acts, deictic, intentional, and Argumentative
Tendency of Media Students Towards the Use of AI & Technology Tools in Education
The current research aimed at identifying student tendencies towards using AI tools in media field. The research problem revolves around determining the level of awareness among the study sample regarding artificial intelligence tools, as well as their cognitive, emotional, and behavioral attitudes toward these tools. Additionally, it seeks to explore the challenges they face when using such tools and the opportunities these tools may provide to enhance their learning process. The research depends on theoretical Approach to Tendency. The research community was selected from media college students in the Arab Republic of Egypt, and conducted in-depth interviews with a sample of 21 students from different classes at Faculty of media in Sinai University. The research indicated that 76.2% of the selected sample pointed out that they participated in AI-specific education courses, and 42.8% expressed concern about the use of AI tools in the media field, while 23.8% of the research sample was satisfied with the use of these tools because they facilitate performing many theoretical or applied tasks. The results of the in-depth interview indicated that media students could use AI tools when performing scholarly and practical assignments to summarize topics. Students could employee various apps such as GBT Chat, Copilot, Hegyn, to make full AI-newsletters, Poe, and Gemeni; they also could depend on AI-image generators tools such as Leonardo, Midjourney, and Canva and Deep fake, as well as Eleven lab to make voice over, and DID to make videos. The in-depth interviews also indicated the variety of challenges preventing the integration of AI into media, as these tools are expensive and non-free, as well as the inability to fully control the output of AI tools, in addition to the inability of AI to evolve to the extent that it is fully reliable.
AI tools, media students, student Tendency, education development.
Rehab Mohammed Elshafie Elsayed Elnaggar
The Relationship of Anthropometric and Physical Characteristics to the Level of Digital Achievement in Long Jump Event for Female Students at the College of Sports Sciences and Physical Activity at King Saud University
This study aimed to identify the relationship of some anthropometric and physical characteristics to the level of digital achievement of long jump event in athletics among female students at the college of Sports Sciences and Physical Activity at King Saud University.The researchers used the descriptive approach to suit the nature of the study. The study sample consisted of (56) female students, who were chosen by intentional method from track and field courses section. The independent anthropometric variables included :(body length, upper limb length, lower limb length and body mass); the physical fitness variables: (speed, explosive forces, flexibility, and agility) in addition to the level of digital achievement for long jump event. The (SPSS) program was used to process the data through (arithmetic means, standard deviations, and Pearson's correlation coefficient). The results showed a strong correlation between the physical fitness variables (agility, speed, endurance) and the level of digital achievement in the long jump event, while no correlation for the anthropometric variables. The study recommended including the variable of anthropometric characteristics as indicators of the individual’s various motor abilities and skills, (Al-Louati, 2023) ruler for standard levels physical fitness elements within the admission criteria at College of Sports Sciences and Physical Activity.
Anthropometric Characteristics, Physical characteristics, Digital achievement, Athletic Events.
This study aimed to identify the relationship of some anthropometric and physical characteristics to the level of digital achievement of long jump event in athletics among female students at the college of Sports Sciences and Physical Activity at King Saud University
The stereotypical image of Arab women in social media sites
The research aimed to identify the types of dominant images of Arab women in social networking sites, and highlight the concerns that these sites reflect about women, the researcher used the descriptive analytical method., structuring the study into three main sections: the first addressed the concept of stereotypes and their tools, the second examined social media platforms, their types, and their uses, and the third focused on a field study (Facebook and Women's Issues). The researcher used a questionnaire as the tool for the analytical study, and a random sample was selected from social media users and journalists. The results showed that Facebook comes second after TikTok, which is considered the most common application that deals with women's issues in a way that belittles them and reflects their superficial interests. Additionally, the sample also emphasized that the most important women's issues in dealing with social media are shopping (95%), followed by cosmetics (93%), followed by cooking, decorating, and fitness pages... The research sample agreed that Facebook has a negative impact on family life, and the researcher recommended the need to develop women-specific media strategies that address their issues through social networking sites that focus on upgrading the content and working to change the stereotypical image of them... It is also essential for content creators to pay attention to the special awareness of Arab women by moving away from a consumerist culture that makes women a consumable and unproductive commodity.
the aim of this research was to identify the types of stereotype about women in modern media
Image of woman in the poetry of Deek El Ginn
Deek El-Ginn did not sing about women in his poetry in the manner of other poets, because the reasons for singing about them were limited to his suffering, which was caused by women, and increased until it reached its peak in the stages after the separation from his wife, who, despite the love he provided her and the peace and tranquility he allowed her, was only a path leading to his end. Based on those events, the contents of which are limited to two stages, this study divides Deek El-Ginn’s poetry, in which he depicted women and excelled in depicting them, into two sections: a section that praised women, and a section in which he complained about them. For each of these two sections, from which Deek El-Ginn built the image of women throughout his life and history, which is full of sad scenes with women, we stand on the significance of these images through the levels of their construction, and the limits of what they depicted for us of the harsh or soft nature of women in the poet’s view. The image is more capable of conveying the drama of the event than a mere phrase narrated by speech, provided that this is done by following the different positions that Deek El-Ginn took with regard to women, which can be summarized in three positions: the position of the loving lover, the position of the sad and distressed, and the position of the hating and hateful.
Denial of Justice in International Investment Law
Nelson Mandela said: “Justice is the foundation of everything, and without justice there can be no peace, there can be no progress”. The concept of justice, as expressed by Nelson Mandela, is the foundation of everything. However, reality shows that this concept faces many challenges, especially in the context of international relations. Although international law, in its quest to achieve a more just and orderly world, has established a set of standards and norms that govern the behavior of states and individuals in the international community. However, practices of denying justice continue to pose a major challenge to these standards and threaten the stability of international relations. The term “Denial of Justice” is considered as a broad term and that it is difficult to define it precise and conclusive way. Some international law scholars narrow its scope, while others give it a broader dimension, which is leading to differences in behaviors that constitute denial of justice, and this in turn makes defining the term precisely a complex task. This difficulty is one of the reasons that prompted us to research this topic, along with other reasons related to the importance of the topic from both theoretical and practical perspectives, and the scarcity of Arabic researches focusing on the topic of denial of justice despite its importance. Therefore, in this research, we will delve into the concept of justice denial in international law, and address the jurisprudential and academic developments that contributed to the crystallization of this concept. We will review the historical roots of denial of justice in international law, and shed light on the challenges it faces in the framework of international investment agreements as a clear example of cases of denial of justice in this field.
Denial of Justice, International Law, Justice, International Investment Agreements.
The City of Akshuania: A Study of General Conditions
The study examines the city of Akshuania, one of the most prominent cities of Al-Andalus, distinguished by its strategic location in the southwest of the Iberian Peninsula on the Atlantic coast. Conquered by Muslims during the Islamic conquests, it featured numerous fortresses with Shalab as its capital and was known by various names such as Akshuwaniya and Akhshunba. Politically, it was captured by Musa bin Nusayr and Tariq bin Ziyad, with a contingent of Egyptian soldiers stationed there. However, the city witnessed unrest, including the Muwallad movement, and fell under Spanish and Portuguese invasions in the 7th century AH. Economically, Akshunba flourished due to its moderate climate and fertile soil, becoming a significant agricultural hub known for olives, fruits, and amber, particularly during the reigns of the Almoravids and Almohads, despite the negative impact of conflicts and invasions. The unification of Morocco and Al-Andalus and the securing of trade routes further boosted commerce and industry. Culturally, Akshunba was renowned for its poets, writers, and scholars, who contributed to its fame and intellectual growth. The city thrived until the 7th century AH when it fell to the Portuguese and is now known as Faro.
Akshunba، Akshuwaniya، Shalab، Al-Andalus
The Implementation of BENEYLU Platform in the Teaching and Learning Process of Arabic as a Foreign Language
This empirical study explores the impact of integrating the digital platform "Beneylu" on the teachingand learning of Arabic as a Foreign Language (AFL) within the network of French mission schools in Morocco. An assessment of the current state of AFL learning reveals students fail achieving expected A1 and A2 levels of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR). National evaluation outcomes and exponentially increasing exemptions granted at primary's end illustrate this issue. This field observation questions existent didactic selections and evaluating the role of technology in enhancing learning, urging innovative practice searches. Consequently, does integrating the "Beneylu" platform into the teaching/learning process positively influence the learning of AFL? The main hypothesis posits that using this platform enhances AFL learning by facilitating differentiated pedagogy and reinforcing learner autonomy. Anchored in a positivist approach and a deductive reasoning, the study adopts a quantitative methodology to gather objective data on the impact of integrating the platform. It relies on experimental data describing and examining this impact on learner performance. The research involved 82 Albert CAMUS School students. Learning outcome data were gathered through pre- and post-integration evaluations and comparative analyses using Beneylu. The data were analyzed using SPSS software's descriptive and inferential statistics. Results indicate "Beneylu" platform integration significantly improves Arabic language learning by allowing customized learning, thereby confirming initial hypothesis. This study underscores the effectiveness of digital platforms in addressing current challenges in teaching Arabic as a Foreign Language and suggests avenues for future artificial intelligence-era educational technology research, particularly concerning language teaching.
BENEYLU Platform; Arabic as a Foreign Language; customized learning; descriptive and inferential statistics.
التكنولوجيا التعليمية والتجديد البيداغوجي
The specialized translation of dialect: Translating the geographical Arabic dialect of Yazidis in Bashiqa into English-A case study
Dialects typically have distinct pronunciation, vocabulary, and grammar, in addition to the disfluencies of spontaneous speech when spoken. The translation of dialect is therefore a challenging undertaking. While research exists on the translation of literary dialect, studies on the translation of spoken dialect remain scarce. This paper aims to propose a strategy for translating the geographical Arabic dialect of Yazidis in Bashiqa. Twelve female Yazidis from Bashiqa were interviewed to talk about using wild plants in their region as cooking ingredients and natural remedies. In this paper, geographical dialect is seen as specialized language use that requires specialized translation into the target language identified on the basis of extratextual and intratextual factors, following Nord’s (2005) model of pre-translation text analysis. This descriptive case study employed the qualitative method to provide an account of a specific case within its real-life context. Having transcribed the interviews by a native speaker of Bashiqa who also knows Modern Standard Arabic, identified all the challenges, and applied Nord’s (2005) analysis, the researcher (i.e., the translator herself) found that the main function of the source text is informative, and translating its geographical Arabic dialect into informal Standard English is conceived as the most appropriate strategy that secures comprehensibility of its content by the English reader, whether that reader is native or non-native. This strategy was called “partial neutralization.” The study concluded that specialized translation of dialect refers to the translation of a specialized language use in which both the dialect transcriber and the dialect translator work together to produce a comprehensible version in the source language that is then translated using a guided translation strategy selected on the basis of translation-oriented source text analysis.
Geographical Arabic Dialect of Bashiqa, Spontaneous Speech, Specialized Language, Specialized Translation of Dialect, Extratextual and Intratextual Factors
A Socio-phonetic Investigation of Arab English-Speakers’ Accent Reduction and Modification
The current study investigates the poor English pronunciation of Arabic speakers, focusing on Socio-phonetic aspects, such as speaking style, speaker background, and group membership issues, as well as the phonetic and phonological aspects of language. This study aims at identifying the sources of differences between Arabic and English phonological systems that are closely related to poor foreign accents of English. The study hypothesises that the various colloquial varieties of one language have an impact on the accents of the target language. The study develops a model for the analysis of the selected data to showcase the distinctions between Arabic-accented English pronunciation transcription and that of the received pronunciation. The results show that the accent of Arabic speakers of English is greatly influenced by their mother tongue. Regardless of their high educational level or their prestigious positions representing their countries, the selected ambassadors of this study demonstrate low levels of English pronunciation mastery. This is evident mainly in the phonological aspects of vowels and the lateral consonant allophones. The analysis concludes with a list of recommended practices and strategies for reducing accents, the most important of which are studying the phonetic transcription of English, speech therapy, as well as practice and repetition.