international peer-reviewed journal published by Scientific Events Gate - Malaysia, issued biannually in January and July of each year, under the supervision of a group of scholars, researchers, and specialists from all over the world in the fields of humanities and social sciences.
Poetics of Temporal Structure in Pre-Islamic Narrative Poetry: An Analytical Reading of a Text by ʿAmr ibn Qanʿās al-Murādī
This study examines the poetics of temporal structure in the text of ʿAmr ibn Qaʿʿās al-Murādī as presented by Adūnīs in the first volume of *Dīwān al-Shiʿr al-ʿArabī* under the title “Anticipating Death.” It adopts an analytical reading that approaches the text as a condensed poetic narrative shaped within a symmetrical rhythmic system. The study proceeds from the distinction between story time and discourse time, while extending this distinction by introducing rhythmic time as a level specific to poetic discourse, manifested in syllabic movement, the distribution of hemistichs, and the resulting patterns of speed, contraction, balance, and extension. It focuses on the opening threshold, “Whenever I saw a sick wineskin / being mourned at its funeral, I wept,” in order to reveal a temporal twist based on two intertwined narratives: the narrative of the self between “I used to” and “I wept,” and the narrative of the object between seeing the sick wineskin and mourning its funeral. From this overlap emerges what the study terms, procedurally, anticipation within retrospection. The study also proposes the concept of temporal relaxation to describe the balanced and extended closing moment, where the psychological time of the poetic narrative appears in the confrontation with death through fullness and recovery. Moving from rhythmic and narrative time to the formative structure of vision, the study examines textual perceptions of water, fire, and human presence. It concludes that time in the text represents a structural system that directs rhythm, forms narrative, and reveals the philosophy of vision.
Copyright (c) 2026 ijhss https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Dynamics of Interactive Audience Behavior on Digital News Platforms:
This study examines audience engagement on Platform (X) by analyzing the interplay between technical determinants like attention algorithms and users’ psycho-social motivations to understand how users transition from passive recipients into interactive gatekeepers who co-manage the flow of news. Adopting a descriptive-analytical approach, the researchers administered a validated questionnaire to a purposive, non-probability sample of 100 individuals selected based on job titles, utilizing advanced statistical modeling via SPSS including Pearson correlation, simple linear regression, and one-way ANOVA to test the hypotheses. Demographically, the sample exhibited unique characteristics as 76% held postgraduate degrees and 43% were aged 60 or older. The key findings revealed a predominant pattern of silent interaction where users actively consume and follow news daily but prefer lurking or reposting over active commenting, while confirming that content quality and perceived credibility serve as the core behavioral contract driving digital participation with content quality alone explaining 23.3% of the variance in interaction behavior. Conversely, hypotheses relating to platform design and usability were rejected as they did not statistically influence engagement levels, and interactive behavior did not vary significantly by age or news interests although it did differ based on users' digital experience. The study concludes that digital audiences practice conscious selectivity to fulfill cognitive and social gratifications, recommending that news organizations shift from a traditional news industry to an engagement industry by optimizing visual formats and digital editorial strategies tailored to active users.
Rhetorical Touches and Qur'anic Reflections on Surah Al-Qadr
This study investigates the rhetorical features and miraculous structure of Surah Al-Qadr by examining the cohesion of its rhetorical patterns and the role of stylistic devices in highlighting the grandeur of the Holy Qur’an and the significance of the night on which it was revealed. It focuses on devices such as ellipsis, explicit expression, emphasis, anticipation, restriction, hyperbole, and the repetition of the phrase “Laylat al-Qadr.” Using an analytical-rhetorical methodology based on close examination of the Qur’anic text, the views of major exegetes, and the tools of semantics and rhetoric, the study links the Qur’anic pauses and stylistic features to the overall rhetorical structure of the surah. The findings show that Surah Al-Qadr forms a cohesive rhetorical unit in which emphasis, anticipation, and restriction reinforce its doctrinal and semantic meanings. The ellipsis in the expression “We have revealed it” magnifies the status of the Holy Qur’an, while the threefold repetition of “Laylat al-Qadr” emphasizes the honor and exceptional status of the night. The study recommends further rhetorical analysis of short surahs to reveal their miraculous structure and respond to contemporary stylistic objections to the Qur’anic text.
Insinuation in Political Speeches: A Pragmatic Analysis
This paper examines the use of insinuation in American political rhetoric through selected speeches by Donald Trump and Barack Obama. Insinuation is treated as a rhetorical strategy through which speakers suggest ideas indirectly rather than state them explicitly, thereby influencing public perception and socio-political narratives. The study focuses on the meanings, characteristics, and functions of insinuation, particularly its role in helping speakers avoid direct responsibility for their claims and transfer the task of interpretation to the audience. It also explores the difficulty of classifying insinuation as a linguistic and pragmatic phenomenon and clarifies the distinction between insinuation and innuendo. Using a qualitative eclectic approach, the analysis draws on Speech Act Theory and Politeness Theory to examine the pragmatic strategies and communicative functions of insinuation in the selected political speeches.
Impact of Proactive and Defensive Strategic Orientations on Competitive Advantage:
This study aimed to examine the effect of strategic orientation, represented by proactive and defensive orientations, on achieving competitive advantage in industrial companies. A descriptive analytical approach was adopted, and the study instrument was developed based on relevant previous literature. Data were collected from a randomly selected sample of 166 respondents, with all questionnaires successfully returned and analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The findings revealed that both proactive and defensive strategic orientations have a statistically significant positive effect on competitive advantage in industrial companies. The results also demonstrated statistically significant relationships, as indicated by the probability (p) values. Based on these findings, the study recommends that senior management strengthen strategic orientation practices and foster a culture that supports proactive and defensive strategic approaches to enhance competitive advantage and achieve sustainable organizational performance.
The Inductive Method in Teaching Continuity of Functions in Tunisian Secondary Education
This article aims to address the challenges involved in teaching the continuity of real functions in Tunisian secondary schools, a context marked by a tension between intuitive approaches and the formal (ε, δ) definition. Curriculum analysis reveals that the inductive method is a key element in terms of approach and reasoning. However, despite being prescribed as a tool for discovery and generalization based on specific cases, intended to build an intuitive definition that leads to the formal one; the inductive method often fails to ensure this transition. This study is based on a cross-analysis: on the one hand, a praxeological study (Anthropological Theory of Didactics, TAD) of curricula and textbooks reveals that induction is limited to intuitive technology, without explicit generalization or structured treatment of the negation of discontinuity. On the other hand, a questionnaire is filled out by 67 teachers, analyzed according to the Mathematical Knowledge for Teaching (MKT) model, shows that the majority of teachers prefer inductive approaches (61.5% to 66.1% depending on the items), but highlights perceived gaps in students' knowledge (generalization, approximation, graphical interpretation) and calls for epistemological training. The results confirm a disconnect between curricular intentions and stated practices, with incomplete realization of the inductive process in teaching resources and only partial mobilization by teachers. A number of avenues for reform are proposed: enriching textbook activities with explicit stages of generalization and logic, strengthening teacher training on the link between intuitive and formal registers and the meta-mathematical dimensions, and using digital tools to stimulate inductive experimentation.
Evaluation of Learning in the Teaching of Social Sciences according to the LMD System of Moroccan Higher Education Institutions: A Comparative Analytical Study
This research paper examines the humanities and social sciences in terms of the challenges they present in terms of the methods and approaches to teaching them within the university pedagogy adopted and followed in higher education institutions. Specifically, it attempts to address the issue of assessment related to the teaching of these sciences as it is presented in Moroccan universities, compared to Western universities, particularly those with a French orientation, such as the University of Montreal in Quebec or Paris 7th University. This is achieved by highlighting a general context primarily linked to the problems and obstacles inherent in the didactics of social sciences themselves, and the issues they raise concerning teaching and assessment that is, according to what purposes, what programs, what pedagogies for what needs, and who are the stakeholders involved, etc. In conclusion, it found that the Moroccan university did not benefit fully from this system, known as LMD, and called for the adoption of several recommendations and proposals, most notably changing teaching methods, adopting evaluation standards, keeping pace with scientific development and increasing communication among members of the academic community.
The Use of Elaboration in the First Speech of Joe Biden as President of the USA Delivered to the Nation in November 2020
Speech is the utterance of thoughts in the form of speech. The first speech by President Joe Biden to the nation in November 2020 reviewed the political, economic, and social realities in the United States during that period. This study examines the application of elaboration as a rhetorical tool in Biden's speech with particular reference to its subtypes, such as apposition and clarification. The study is qualitative in nature in terms of its design, as it is based on the theory of cohesion, formulated by Halliday and Hasan (1976), about the use of conjunctions to enhance the main text in terms of coherence and meaning. The analysis shows that the subtypes of the elaboration breakdown in Biden’s speech were 33% expository, 33% resumptive, 22% particularizing, and 12% verificative. Moreover, the use of clarification was more common as compared to the use of apposition, which shows that Biden used clarification to make his speech clear and direct to the audience. The above findings indicate that the strategic application of elaboration can make political speech more persuasive and comprehensible, which fits into the cohesion-based theoretical framework.
Challenges of Wheat Self-Sufficiency in Egypt
Despite all the efforts made to achieve self-sufficiency in wheat, it has become clear that there are difficulties that have hindered this over the years. In Egypt during the time period (2010-2023), and the future situation until the year 2030, the research used the descriptive and quantitative analysis method, to identify the expected future scenarios for the wheat self-sufficiency rate until the year 2030, and the most prominent research results were: It was revealed from the study of variables related to and influencing The apparent gap in wheat in Egypt, and consequently in the self-sufficiency rate, the most important of which is production and national consumption of the crop, shows that national consumption increases at a growth rate greater than its counterpart in total production, as the average difference of this difference was about 3.98% annually, and thus the annual difference during the study period was about 388 thousand tons. It is expected that there will be a gap of about 14.59 million tons in 2030, and the self-sufficiency rate of wheat in Egypt will reach about 45.96%. The research recommends constantly reconsidering the supply price because of its effects on the self-sufficiency rate, as setting a remunerative indicative price for the farmer before planting the crop will encourage farmers to grow wheat, considering the competition of other wheat crops at the same time of planting, such as beets, clover.
The Role of Qur’anic Rhetoric in Addressing Hate Speech on Social Media
Hate speech on social media platforms represents one of the most significant challenges facing contemporary societies, posing direct threats to social peace and the values of coexistence. In response to this phenomenon, the Quranic discourse stands out with its refined eloquence, serving as a linguistic and ethical model that contributes to the refinement of souls and the guidance of behavior toward moderation.This paper explores the meaning of Quranic eloquence, the concept of hatred, and the nature of social media platforms. It then highlights the contributions of Quranic eloquence in addressing the roots of hatred and offering rhetorical alternatives to counter it. The study raises the following questions: What are the mechanisms of Quranic eloquence in confronting hate speech on social media platforms? To what extent can these mechanisms be activated as effective alternatives? And how can they present influential reformative models amid the shortcomings of current digital discourse? The study concludes that Quranic eloquence, in addition to being a linguistic art, is capable of formulating an alternative discourse that counters hate speech on social media and promotes a culture of coexistence. The lack of engagement with Quranic eloquence has contributed to the exacerbation of hatred. The eloquence of the Quranic discourse, which integrates reason and emotion, makes it suitable for regulating emotional outbursts that dominate discussions on social media platforms.Recommendations include the necessity of employing Quranic eloquence in formulating media and awareness strategies to confront hate speech on social media, and encouraging specialized researchers to build joint studies that link Quranic eloquence with the ethics of social communication.
Tazkiyah in the Qur’an: Purification of the Soul and Development of Society
This study aimed to clarify the concept of tazkiyah in the Qur’an as one of the central concepts in the construction of the human being and the reform of society, through tracing the linguistic root of the term, surveying its occurrences in the Qur’anic text, and analyzing its contextual meanings according to the conceptual analytical method. The study sought to reveal the conceptual dimensions of tazkiyah in relation to guidance, faith, and righteous deeds, and to demonstrate its position among the major objectives of the Prophetic mission and the Qur’anic reform methodology. The results showed that tazkiyah, in its Qur’anic origin, is based on two complementary dimensions: purification of the soul from doctrinal and behavioral deviations, and its development through virtues and faith-based values. The study also demonstrated that tazkiyah does not remain limited to its individual dimension, but extends to the social sphere, contributing to moral balance and the establishment of sound human relationships within society. Furthermore, the findings confirmed that tazkiyah represents a foundational pillar in the Qur’anic reform project and a decisive element in achieving balance between individual formation and social reform.
Contemplative Reasoning in the Prophets’ Stories in the Holy Qur’an and its Role in the Call to Islam The story of Abraham, peace be upon him, is an example.
Abstract: The Qur’anic narratives of the prophets occupy a distinguished place in the Book of Allah, as they embody profound lessons that transcend mere historical storytelling to serve as a source of reflection and contemplation. The prophets (peace be upon them) employed various methods in calling their people to the oneness and worship of Allah, among which were reflective thinking and rational reasoning—two essential pillars of their prophetic character and fundamental components of their journey toward truth. This study aims to clarify the concept of reflective thinking and its Qur’anic foundations, while examining the applications of this approach in Prophet Ibrahim’s (Abraham’s) call as depicted in the Qur’an. It further seeks to highlight its features and manifestations, and to explore the potential of employing reflective thinking in contemporary da‘wah (Islamic outreach). The problem addressed in this study lies in the limited use of Qur’anic stories to develop deep thinking skills among preachers, as most approaches tend to focus merely on the narrative or moral aspects. The research concludes that reflective thinking in the story of Prophet Ibrahim (peace be upon him) served as an effective tool for the success of his mission, enabling him to understand the nature of his people, analyze their behavior, and select appropriate methods of invitation—such as contemplating the universe and extraordinary phenomena, adopting rational dialogue, and deeply considering the divine wisdom behind trials. The study recommends expanding this topic through a broader examination of other prophetic narratives to contribute to the development of the Qur’anic perspective on reflective and intellectual da‘wah.
The role of interpreters in achieving intellectual security.
Ideological security plays a significant role in the society’s advancement and the civilization’s prosperity. Indeed, Qur’anic commentators have their own considerable influence on ensuring ideological security through their interpretations of the Qur’anic verses. Therefore, this paper highlights the meaning of Qur’anic interpretation and ideological security and how they relate to each other. It also stresses the role of Qur’anic commentators in consolidating and protecting societies from ideological deviation in accordance with the Qur’anic verses. To be precise, the issues that have been addressed concern how effective the Qur’anic interpretation is at establishing a righteous society and whether the commentators have any contributions to that. Building on this, the paper adopts descriptive, deductive, and inductive methodologies to highlight the relationship between Qur’anic interpretation and ideological security and to examine how commentators of the 14th and 15th centuries contributed to reinforcing it. The findings suggest that correct Qur’anic interpretation has a major influence on promoting people’s awareness about their ideology and that Qur’anic commentators preserve the soundness of thoughts and protect the society from deviation and radical ideology. Based on that, the research advises enhancing the Qur’anic commentators’ role in achieving ideological security in light of the Qur’anic guidance through various media channels: visual, auditory and written.
The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on the Development of Islamic Culture in the Digital Age
The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on the Development of Islamic Culture in the Digital Age: An Executive Summary . This research delves into the profound influence of Artificial Intelligence (AI) on the development of Islamic culture in the digital era, focusing on how this technological shift is fundamentally altering knowledge production and dissemination. The study addresses the core problem of AI's effect on Islamic cultural development, specifically exploring the benefits, challenges, and necessary policy adjustments required for its safe and effective deployment. The primary objectives were to systematically evaluate the impact of AI applications on the quality of Islamic cultural development, review associated benefits and challenges, and formulate policy recommendations for safe implementation. The study adopted a combined historical and descriptive-analytical approach to test several hypotheses which affirmed that AI use significantly increases and facilitates the global spread of Islamic culture, yet introduces a threat where algorithmic value bias may distort core Islamic concepts. The research further established that the quality and accuracy of AI outputs are directly linked to user understanding, and that the optimal benefit is conditional on establishing and implementing ethical and Sharia-compliant frameworks for AI operation. The research was focused geographically on Saudi Arabia and temporally on 2025.Key Findings and Strategic Orientation . The investigation yielded four critical findings that define the modern crossroads of faith and technology, demonstrating that AI facilitates a qualitative leap in the mechanisms for preserving and disseminating Islamic heritage and knowledge. However, the most significant ethical threat is posed by algorithmic bias, which stems from the poor representation of authentic Islamic data in global Large Language Models (LLMs), risking the production of superficial or distorted religious content. This makes the quality and reliability of AI-generated Islamic outputs directly contingent upon the safety and design integrity of the specific model used, underscoring that the effective and secure utilization of AI in this domain cannot be achieved without a binding ethical and Sharia framework to govern its design and operation. Recommendations for Digital Stewardship. Based on these findings, the research provided targeted recommendations across the technical, academic, and legislative sectors. The technical strategy advises that Islamic coalitions establish a Sovereign Sharia Data Bank and enforce "Ethics by Design" in Islamic applications by integrating core Islamic values into programming. The academic strategy calls for developing dual-competency programs to graduate "Programming Jurists" and mandating Digital Critical Literacy courses in Islamic curricula to equip the public to critically assess AI outputs. Crucially, the legislative strategy urges the formulation of a Sharia Ethics Charter for AI and the enforcement of Algorithmic Transparency, obligating smart Fatwa system developers to provide clear traceability mechanisms showing the source and methodology of their decisions, thereby lifting algorithmic ambiguity (Gharar) from the users. In conclusion, the future of Islamic culture in the digital age will not be secured through the denial of AI, but through its deliberate and ethical orientation towards the principles of justice, trustworthiness, and moderation. The ultimate challenge is a civilizational one: to successfully leverage this technological power to achieve Digital Stewardship (Al-Istikhlaf Ar-Raqami) and present a unique global model for technology ethics rooted in divine guidance.
Dr. FAHD ABDULWAHAB MOHAMMED AHMED ALSAHMIRI
Evaluation of Scientific Research in Artificial Intelligence and Its Integration in Achieving Sustainable Development and Future Challenges - A Vision of Saudi Universities as a Model
The current research aimed to identify the level of integration between scientific research and artificial intelligence in achieving sustainable development and confronting future challenges. The study adopted a descriptive approach and targeted a research population consisting of all artificial intelligence experts in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The research sample included (365) participants, and a questionnaire was used as the research tool. The research reached several results, most notably that the overall average response for the first axis, integration between scientific research and artificial intelligence in achieving sustainable development, was rated as high. Similarly, the overall average response for the second axis, integration between scientific research and artificial intelligence in confronting future challenges, was also rated as high. The research made several recommendations, the most important of which include establishing legal frameworks that encourage the use of artificial intelligence in achieving sustainable development while ensuring transparency and ethics and supporting emerging companies and innovators working to develop artificial intelligence solutions that serve sustainable development goals.
Islamic Culture Between the Authenticity of Heritage and the Requirements of the Modern Age: Towards a Contemporary Civilizational Model
This study examined the role of Islamic culture in shaping contemporary society by highlighting its ability to balance the authenticity of heritage with the demands of modernity, thereby presenting a contemporary Islamic civilizational model that harmonizes between constants and changing variables. The research aimed to emphasize the importance of grounding individual awareness and behavior in the principles derived from the Holy Qur’an and the Prophetic Sunnah, which contributed to achieving social stability and promoting universal human values. The study also focused on the integration of modern technologies particularly artificial intelligence in developing educational methods and disseminating Islamic culture in ways that align with current advancements. A descriptive, analytical, and future-oriented methodology was adopted, involving textual analysis and the exploration of prospects for enhancing Islamic cultural education. Key findings included the comprehensiveness and universality of Islamic culture, the significance of bridging authenticity and modernity, and the necessity of utilizing technology within ethical and religious frameworks. Furthermore, the study highlighted the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia as a contemporary model embodying Islamic culture in practice. The research recommended supporting educational curricula that reinforce this balance, encouraging studies that employ technology to serve Islamic values, and fostering cultural discourse capable of addressing contemporary transformations without compromising foundational principles. Ultimately, the study offered a practical vision of how Islamic culture can contribute to building a cohesive modern society capable of making a positive impact on global civilization.
Refuting Intellectual Doubts and Their Impact on Mental Elevation: The Woman as "Satan" in the Sunnah as a Modelنقْضُ الشُّبهات الفكريَّة وأثره في الارتقاء العقْليِّ "وسْمُ المرأة بالشَّيطانة" في السُّنَّة نموذجًا
This study explores the role of refuting intellectual doubts in enhancing Muslims’ intellectual and cognitive capacities, emphasizing that Islam seeks to elevate human thought toward reflection, creativity, and moral excellence consistent with human dignity. It defines the concept and causes of intellectual doubts, underscores the importance of addressing them, and examines the misinterpretation of the hadith that likens a woman to Satan, providing a scholarly rebuttal. Using a descriptive and critical methodology, the research analyzes these doubts through Islamic texts and scholarly interpretations. The findings reveal that skeptics have misunderstood the Prophet’s hadith, and that refuting such misconceptions strengthens Muslims’ rational and critical thinking skills. The study concludes by recommending increased focus on the intellectual elevation promoted by Islamic sciences and support for related academic initiatives.
Assistant Prof. Dr. Abed El Fatah Fathi Abed El Fatah Hamouda
Critical Thinking Skills of Teachers of Basic Education in Um Rawaba Administration in North Kordofan State
This study aimed to explore the level of critical thinking among primary school teachers in Um Ruwaba locality, North Kordofan State. The descriptive method was employed, and the study sample consisted of 200 male and female teachers selected through stratified random sampling from the study population. The Critical Thinking Test was used as the main tool for data collection, and the data were statistically analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS, Version 10). Descriptive statistics and independent-samples t-tests were applied to examine differences between group means, in addition to the self-validity coefficient.The findings revealed statistically significant differences (P < 0.05) in favor of female teachers in the “knowing assumptions” dimension, while significant differences (P < 0.05) were found in favor of male teachers in the “interpretation” dimension. No statistically significant differences (P > 0.05) were observed with respect to academic specialization (Arts/Science), educational level (University/Secondary), or faculty type (Education/Other Colleges).
A proposed vision for activating inter-academic partnerships in academic supervision of religious and intellectual studies in accordance with the requirements of National Vision 2030 "An analytical prospective study"
The study aimed to explore the objectives and significance of interdisciplinary partnership in academic supervision, enhance faculty members’ awareness of its value, and identify the obstacles to its implementation at the College of Da‘wah and Fundamentals of Religion at Umm Al-Qura University. The descriptive analytical method was employed, with a questionnaire as the main tool for data collection, targeting a sample of 152 faculty members. Data were analyzed using the SPSS program. The results indicated that interdisciplinary partnership contributes to broadening interaction among faculty members from different specializations, provides opportunities to activate interdisciplinary studies, and helps overcome procedural challenges, thereby supporting sustainable community development. The study also highlighted the need to establish research centers specialized in interdisciplinary studies within the College of Da‘wah and Fundamentals of Religion and other colleges of social or human sciences, as well as to promote partnership culture through guides, brochures, training programs, and strategic plans. In addition, specialized training courses should be implemented to support faculty members in adopting such practices. The study presented a proposed framework for activating interdisciplinary partnership in academic supervision between the College of Da‘wah and Fundamentals of Religion and other humanities departments at Umm Al-Qura University, including objectives, requirements, mechanisms, obstacles, and ways to overcome them. It further recommended that the university leadership recognize the scientific and developmental benefits of this framework in order to develop religious and intellectual studies in alignment with the objectives of Saudi Vision 2030.
The Russian Experience in Cyber Wars: The Ukrainian War as a Model
In light of the rapid technological revolution characterizing the modern era, digital transformations have penetrated all forms of social, economic, and political interaction. Their impact has not been limited to civilian spheres but has extended to the very nature of warfare itself, as contemporary conflicts have increasingly assumed non-traditional forms, with a significant part being conducted in cyberspace as a central instrument of international conflict, competition, and dominance. In this context, Russia has emerged as a key international actor that has strategically exploited the cyber domain, mobilizing its technical, intelligence, and military capabilities to make cyberspace a core element of power and deterrence within its security doctrine. Cyber warfare has thus become one of the most prominent features of political, economic, and commercial conflicts among states, targeting critical infrastructure, governmental facilities and institutions, industrial networks, and research and knowledge centers, thereby disrupting state functions and threatening national security. This study aims to provide a clear analytical perspective on cyber warfare, with particular emphasis on the Russian–Ukrainian war as a contemporary case study, and to examine the consequences arising from it at both the security and political levels. The study adopts a content analysis approach to identify and analyze the patterns and strategies of cyber warfare employed by Russia within its security strategy in the confrontation with Ukraine, with the objective of preserving its security and reinforcing its international influence and dominance. Among the most significant findings is that cyberspace has become a new and open arena for international conflict, through which destructive and disruptive actions are carried out, particularly attacks on information systems and networks, posing a direct threat to state security and stability.
The Relationship Between Multilevel Dimensions of Institutional Development and Organizational Performance Efficiency: A Theoretical Reference Study in the Context of Service and Production Business Environments.
This theoretical study aims to analyze the relationship between the multi-level dimensions of organizational development (individual, group, organizational) and organizational performance efficiency, with a comparative focus on service and productive business environments. The research adopts a structured literature review methodology, critically examining key models of organizational development and recent empirical studies. The findings highlight that the effectiveness of organizational development depends on the integration of its three levels, and that the impact of each dimension varies according to sector context. In service-oriented environments, performance is largely linked to human capital development, whereas in production sectors, structural and operational reform plays a more decisive role. Previous studies show a strong positive correlation between organizational development and performance efficiency; however, few have explored the comparative analysis between sectors. This research addresses this theoretical gap by developing an integrative conceptual framework that connects development dimensions with performance contexts, thus laying the foundation for future applied and measurable research.
Legislative Gaps in Cybercrime Laws: A Comparative Analytical Study between Sudan and International Standards (Qatar as a Model)
This study examines the relationship between cybersecurity and its governing legal framework, analyzing the legal, social, and economic impacts resulting from the growing cyber threats in the context of digital transformation and the discovery of legislative gaps that contribute to the rise in cybercrime rates. Cybersecurity has become a central issue requiring an effective legal response to counter threats targeting digital systems and information infrastructure. The study highlights the capacity of Sudanese legislation—particularly the Cybercrimes Acts of 2007 and 2018 to address these challenges. It also draws upon the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) as an advanced international model for data protection and privacy. Additionally, the State of Qatar was selected as a contemporary Arab example of cyber legislation, allowing for a comparative analysis between the two models and the identification of legislative gaps and the urgent need to update the legal framework in line with technological and human rights developments. The study adopts a descriptive-analytical methodology to evaluate legal texts and identify legislative shortcomings and gaps that contribute to the rise of cybercrime. It concludes with a call to review current laws, enhance international cooperation, and develop specialized legal training in order to establish an effective legal system that safeguards information security and individual rights in the digital environment.
The Importance of Keeping Pace with Technological Developments in Project Management and Their Impact on Enhancing the Competitive and Operational Efficiency of Saudi Ports
This study examined the importance of keeping pace with technological developments in project management and their impact on the competitive and operational efficiency of ports in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. It adopted a descriptive-analytical mixed-method approach that combined a questionnaire with qualitative interviews involving specialists in port projects, technology, and operations. The study focused on modern applications, including artificial intelligence, the Internet of Things, automation, robotics, drones, geographic information systems, interactive dashboards, and advanced data analytics. The findings indicated a high level of technological adoption in Saudi port projects. Most participants reported that modern technologies improved schedule accuracy, cost estimation, implementation speed, transparency, real-time monitoring, risk forecasting, and operational safety. The results also showed a strong positive association between the adoption of advanced technologies and improved project performance indicators. However, the study identified several challenges, particularly high initial investment costs, shortages in specialized competencies, resistance to organizational change, difficulties integrating legacy and modern systems, and cybersecurity risks. The study concluded that broader technological integration, continuous workforce development, stronger cybersecurity measures, and systematic use of international experiences are essential for strengthening the operational efficiency and competitive position of Saudi ports in line with Saudi Vision 2030.
The Flexibility of Educational Management in Dealing with the Challenges and Opportunities of Educational Continuity Before and During the War in the Gaza Strip
This study aimed to identify the flexibility of educational management in dealing with the challenges and opportunities of educational continuity before and during the war in the Gaza Strip. The study adopted a comparative approach and applied a personal interview tool to a purposive sample of (10) teachers and (5) principals from UNRWA schools in the Gaza Directorate for the 2025 academic year. After confirming the tool's validity and reliability, the results showed that the top priority is student safety amid harsh security conditions that led to a near-complete halt of formal education. This pushed teachers and principals to adopt primitive, informal strategies and radically adapt available resources. However, these efforts face enormous structural and logistical challenges, along with profound psychological effects on students. The study recommends prioritizing the provision of safe and flexible educational environments by identifying and rehabilitating safe spaces, securing schools as protected zones, and supporting decentralized, community-based education.
The actual impacts of flexible working time on quality of work life
This study aims to determine whether in working hours have a direct impact on quality of work life and whether they lead to an increase in performance levels and enhance the organization's competitiveness. Achieving this aim requires ,first defining the nature of quality of work life , and the second providing an analysis of the various alternative working hour systems . Then , the focus shifts specifically to the flexible working hours system by analyzing some pratical models , in addition to identifying its implications on the quality of work life. the results concluded that the adoption of flexible working hours by business organizations positively affects the psychological health and well-being of individuals due to reduced psychological stress and increased satisfaction , improved productivity and a better work -life balance
Ideal thinking style among students of the Chemistry Department at the college of Education for Pure Sciences Ibn Al-Haytham
The current research aims to measure the styleof ideal thinking among students of the Chemistry Department, Faculty of Education for Pure Sciences Ibn Al-Haitham,and the extent of ideal thinking according to the academic year of the university stage. To achieve the research objectives, the descriptive approach was followed. The students of the Chemistry Department, for the four grades (first, second, third, fourth), was determined as the research community.A group was selected from each grade to be a sample for the current research. A tool was prepared to measure ideal thinking among the research sample, where a test was setfor it. Moreover, its validity, reliability, and all its psychometric properties were found, so that it would be ready for application. When it was applied, and its data were statistically unloaded using the statistical package (SPSSv.22 ), it was found that the students had an intermediatelevel of ideal thinking, and this is a good indicator. Also, the fourth-grade students had a higher level than the rest of the grades, meaning that ideal thinking was directly relatedto the academic grade. In light of these results, some conclusions were reached, including, for example, that the ideal thinking among students of the College of Education for Pure Sciences, Ibn Al-Haytham, Chemistry Department, was at an intermediatelevel. Some recommendations were also made, including, for example, helping students with low ideal thinking to raise it, and some proposals were made to apply the ideal thinking test to departments other than the Chemistry Department.
The impact of popular heritage on localizing the linguistic identity of narrative discourse: Baghdadi popular proverbs as a model... an analytical and descriptive study
opular culture, and most notably linguistic creativity in the forms of narration and poetry, are key to the preservation of classical Arabic and linguistic identification based upon one's forbears. Therefore, the role of learners and readers of Linguistic creativity is to preserve and enrich Arabic by immersing themselves in its fluctuating expressions while maintaining its traditional essence. Oral literatures, and most of all, proverbs, are arguably the most potent aspect of such a culture, as they embody Arab societies' historical and cultural memory. Baghdadi proverbs, which are integral to Iraqi and broader Arab and global culture, have linguistic and cultural qualities that reflect customs, traditions, values, and beliefs of societies. These proverbs are not merely rhetorically rich, brief statements of literature but texts which also represent social life, engraving moral, economic, and everyday experiences. These proverbs transmit knowledge that has been acquired, impart awareness, and construct social understanding among successive generations. Common proverbs fall within the oral literary creativity's categories, and this research highlights their contribution towards showcasing Arabic's repressibility most notably in narrative discourse—spanning communication across generations. Relevance and versatility are made manifest in their aesthetic shape and intended meaning. In a descriptive-analytic style, this work discusses Baghdadi proverbs' linguistics, their communication of meaning, preservation of phonetic and semantic coherence, and contribution toward culture identification. Accordingly, under that understanding, the research highlights Arabic proverbs' ongoing value toward culture maintenance and linguistic development.
The Tanjung Priok Incident and its Impact on the Internal Political Situation in Indonesia 1984
The research aims to shed light on the roots of the Tanjung Priok incident, which dates back to a sermon delivered by a Muslim preacher, Amir Beki, in the Tanjung Priok area, north of the Indonesian capital, Jakarta, on September 10, 1984. The sermon included a clear criticism of the Pancasila principle, which Indonesian governments have followed since 1945 as a state doctrine based on several political and social issues. However, it seems that the sermon criticized the government for its failure or weakness in implementing these principles as stipulated in the constitution. The attendees at the Al-Saada Mosque, as it was called, where the sermon was delivered, supported and interacted with him. It is expected that the preacher’s criticism of the Pancasila principle would arouse the government’s anger, which responded by having Indonesian soldiers storm the Muslim mosque. The worshippers responded to this government action by organizing protests and denouncing the government and its arbitrary measures against the preacher at the Al-Saada Mosque. Meanwhile, the quarrels escalated into clashes between demonstrators and Indonesian security forces, which led to the opening of fire on the demonstrators, killing some. Between the dead and the wounded, this incident became a matter of public opinion, reported by the media, both friendly and hostile to the Jakarta government. From this starting point came the idea of ​​studying the Tanjung Priok incident in Indonesia in 1984 and its impact on the internal situation in Indonesia during the period from September 12, 1984 to April 1985. The events of the subject were covered by the Indonesian newspaper Tapol, which opposed the ruling regime in Jakarta, in addition to other specialized sources.
The Commitment Feature within the Rules of Civil Law
A legal rule can be defined as a general, abstract social rule aimed at regulating social relations, and it is associated with a material sanction imposed on those who violate its provisions. From this definition, it becomes clear that the legal rule possesses several characteristics that distinguish it from other social rules. The purpose of this brief research is not to examine all the characteristics of the legal rule, but rather to focus on its most important characteristic: its binding nature, represented by the material sanction imposed on those who violate its provisions. Since the sanction differs depending on the nature of the legal rule, it may sometimes be a penalty and other times compensation. We will address the sanction resulting from the violation of civil law rules, with compensation being one of the most prominent forms of such sanctions. However, compensation is not the only form of sanction in civil law. The question arises: Is the legal sanction an inherent characteristic of the legal rule such that it cannot be considered a legal rule without it? Or do some rules in civil law lack a sanction but still retain their status as legal rules? This is what we aim to answer in the course of this research .
Assist. Prof. Dr. Zainab Jassem Mohammed
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The Rationale Behind the Neglect of the Governing Particle in Arabic Syntax
This research aims to shed light on the study of a linguistic phenomenon contained in the books of grammarians of advanced and late, in separate sections of their grammatical writings, which is to reach the reason for neglecting the working letters in Arabic grammar, and study them in a curriculum based on their semantic dimension and the extent to which it is affected by the meaning, in addition to studying them grammatically, and explaining the reasons for neglecting them according to what was developed by scholars of the origins of Arabic grammar and choosing what suits them without fanaticism. The researcher has shown the reason for neglecting some working letters In Arabic grammar, and the controls of its implementation. He began with a preface in which he mentioned the concept of the vowel in language and grammar, and then examined the definition of the word neglect in language and terminology, and the definition of the word cancellation that synonymous with it in grammatical use. The researcher referred to some working letters, but their work has been neglected because of the presence of an accident or a bug that canceled its implementation, with a statement of that bug and the opinions of grammarians in the impact of its existence, and the preponderance of some of them over the other if they are multiple in grammatical issues. The research was limited to the reasons for neglecting the working letters already present tense, and the reasons for neglecting the transcribed letters, the reasons for neglecting some prepositions. He then concluded with the results and recommendations mentioned in the conclusion of the research.